# Irrationals of the form a+b√c

I made the claim in a post last week that the set of irrationals of the form $a+b\sqrt{c}$ is countable. I said that pretty quickly, without justification. I’ve never proved statements like this before, but here I’m going to try.

Theorem. The set of irrationals of the form $a+b\sqrt{c}$, with $a,b \neq 0,c>0\in\mathbb{Q}$, is countable.

Proof. Consider the set of irrationals of the form $a+b\sqrt{c}$, with $a,b \neq 0,c >0\in\mathbb{Q}$. More formally, define

$\mathbb{I}=\left\{a+b\sqrt{c}\in\mathbb{R}: a,b \neq 0,c>0\in\mathbb{Q}\right\}$

And also require that $c$ is ‘square free’–that is, we require that neither the numerator or denominator of $c$ contain factors that are perfect squares. So $a+b\sqrt{c}$ is in ‘simplest’ form. We aim to show that $\mathbb{I}$ is countable.

Now, consider the function

$\mathbb{I} \overset{f}{\rightarrow} \mathbb{Q}^3$

defined

$f(a+b\sqrt{c})=(a,b,c)$

This function is one-to-one since we require $c$ to be in simplest form–that is, the image of any number $a+b \sqrt{c}$ under $f$ is unique. So $f$ is an injection from $\mathbb{I}$ into$\mathbb{Q}^3$.

We know that $\mathbb{Q}$ is countable. Since a finite Cartesian product of countable sets is countable, $\mathbb{Q}^3$ must also be countable. And we have constructed a function $f$ which is an injection from $\mathbb{I}$ into $\mathbb{Q}^3$. So the cardinality of $\mathbb{I}$ must be no greater than the cardinality of $\mathbb{Q}^3$. Thus $\mathbb{I}$ must also be countable, as desired.

I think I did that right. Any suggestions, math readers?

## 2 thoughts on “Irrationals of the form a+b√c”

1. I don’t think that your care to express yourself in simplest form is even required. If $a, b$, and $c$ are rational (with no other restrictions), then the number of real numbers of the form $a + b\sqrt{c}$ is $\leq$ the number of ordered triples of rational numbers, which is countable.

• Good point, Will. What in the world are you doing surfing my blog posts from seven years ago?? 🙂